3.文房四寶

　　筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書(shū)房中必備的寶貝，被稱(chēng)為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書(shū)寫(xiě)繪畫(huà)在 中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前。秦（前 221---前 206）時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代（前 206—公元 220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張之后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。“文房四寶”到宋朝（960--1279）以后特指湖筆（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣紙（安徽宣州） 、端硯（廣東肇慶，古稱(chēng)端州）可以說(shuō)文房四寶書(shū)寫(xiě)了整個(gè)中華文明。

　　Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush,inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of thescholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have beenused by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty(221BC—206BC), people already used feathers ofdifferent hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the HanDynasty(206BC—220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paperwas invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk,which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. Theinkstone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After theSong Dynasty(960AD—1279AD), the“Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced inHuzhou, Zhangjiang province; huimo, the inkstick produced in Huizhou, Anhuiprovince; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; andduanyan, the inkstone made in Zhapqing, Guang dong province(Zhaoqing wasearlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the Study” have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.

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