1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由“助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

①助動(dòng)詞have/has可以與主語(yǔ)縮寫為’ve/’s。

e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s

②規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去分詞與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式一樣。

③不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞見表。

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句型。

①陳述句肯定形式。

e.g. I have had lunch.我已經(jīng)吃過(guò)午飯了。

He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。

②陳述句否定形式。(在助動(dòng)詞have/has后+not，可縮寫為haven’t/hasn’t)

e.g. I haven’t had lunch.我還未吃午飯。

He hasn’t gone to Beijing.他還沒有去北京。

③一般疑問(wèn)句形式及其答語(yǔ)。(將助動(dòng)詞have/has提前，答語(yǔ)一般用have, has回答)

e.g. Have you had lunch?你吃過(guò)午飯了沒? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

Has he gone to Beijing?他去過(guò)北京了沒有? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

否定回答還可以用：No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。

④特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。(疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句)

e.g. Where has he gone?他去了哪里?

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的三個(gè)基本用法。

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一個(gè)基本用法表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已完成的某一個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。

e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it.你吃過(guò)午飯沒?有，吃過(guò)了，我剛剛吃的。(影響及結(jié)果：我現(xiàn)在飽了，不需要了)

He has gone to Beijing.他已經(jīng)去北京了。(影響及結(jié)果：他人現(xiàn)在不在這里了)

該用法常already(已經(jīng)), never(從不), ever(曾經(jīng)), yet(仍然), just(剛剛), before(以前)等副詞(作狀語(yǔ))連用。

①already, just, ever, never常用于助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。already, just多用于肯定陳述句。

e.g. She has already finished her work.她早已干完了活。

Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it already.不，我已經(jīng)看過(guò)了。(already偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)于句末)

They have just won a game.他們剛剛贏了一場(chǎng)比賽。

有時(shí)already可以用于疑問(wèn)句，表示期待肯定回答，或表示驚訝、意外。

e.g. Have you finished reading the book already?你真的已經(jīng)讀完這本書了?(表示驚訝)

ever多用于疑問(wèn)句，問(wèn)初次經(jīng)歷。

e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner?你跟外國(guó)人講過(guò)話嗎?(問(wèn)初次經(jīng)歷)

never多用于否定陳述句(注：本身表示否定意義)

e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he?他從來(lái)沒有做過(guò)這樣的事，不是嗎?(否定)

②yet一般用于疑問(wèn)句(已經(jīng))或否定句(還)，常位于句末。

e.g. Have you got ready yet?你已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? He hasn’t finished his homework yet.他還沒完成作業(yè)。

③before一般位于句末。

e.g. I have never seen the film before.以前我從未看過(guò)那部電影。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一種用法常與以上的副詞連用，因此這些詞有時(shí)可以作為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞。

(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè)基本用法表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。該用法常和表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

①與for +一段時(shí)間連用，表示多久。

e.g. He has learned English for two years.他已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)兩年英語(yǔ)了。

I have been here for three days.我在這里已經(jīng)3天了。

②與since +時(shí)間(起點(diǎn))連用，表示自…以來(lái)。

e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991.他爸爸自1991年以來(lái)都在這家工廠工作。

I’ve had a cold since last Friday.自上星期五起我就感冒了。

③與since +一段時(shí)間+ ago連用，表示自…以前就…。

e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago.吉姆自半個(gè)小時(shí)前就已經(jīng)在那里等候了。

He has stayed here since three weeks ago.他在這兒已呆了三個(gè)星期。

④與since +從句(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))連用，表示自某事發(fā)生后就一直…。

e.g.The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China.格林一家自從來(lái)到中國(guó)后就一直住在北京。

I’ve known her since I came to work here.自從我來(lái)這里工作就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。

(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第三個(gè)基本用法表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一時(shí)期中多次動(dòng)作的總和或所做過(guò)的工作的量的積累。

e.g. I have been to Beijing twice.我去過(guò)北京兩次。

We’ve learnt five English songs this year.今年我們學(xué)了五首英語(yǔ)歌曲。

How many pages of the book have you read?這本書你讀了多少頁(yè)了?

4、延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的使用。

(1)有一些動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞，也叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，這些動(dòng)詞一發(fā)生就結(jié)束了，常見的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動(dòng)詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在)，但由于它們不能延續(xù)，因此不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè)基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。

e.g. Jim has come back. (正)吉姆已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。

Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)一個(gè)月，因此錯(cuò)誤。

(2)瞬間動(dòng)詞不可以用于有段時(shí)間的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，因此，若要解決這一問(wèn)題，就應(yīng)把它改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，主要有以下幾種：

①用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

如：buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold②轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞

如：join → be a member of go to school → be a student③轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞

如：die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed④轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語(yǔ)

如：come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊(duì))

e.g. I have borrowed the book.我已經(jīng)借了那本書。

I have kept the book for two days.我已經(jīng)借那本書兩天了。

Jim has joined the band.吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂(lè)隊(duì)了。

Jim has been a member of the band for a month.吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個(gè)樂(lè)隊(duì)一個(gè)月了。

His grandfather has died.他祖父已經(jīng)死了。

His grandfather has been dead for 2 years.他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。

My father has arrived in China.我父親已經(jīng)到達(dá)中國(guó)了。

My father has been in China for a week.我父親已經(jīng)在中國(guó)一個(gè)星期了。

(3)在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以與時(shí)間段連用。

e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year.自去年以來(lái)我就沒有在圖書館借過(guò)書。

Jim hasn’t come back for a year.吉姆已有一年沒回來(lái)了。

5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾種常見的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成一般過(guò)去時(shí)，還可以轉(zhuǎn)化成“It is/has been +時(shí)間段+since從句(用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”等句型。

e.g. Jim has been back for a month.吉姆已經(jīng)回來(lái)一個(gè)月了。= Jim came back a month ago.吉姆一個(gè)月前就回來(lái)了

= It is/has been a month since Jim came back.自吉姆回來(lái)已經(jīng)有一個(gè)月了。= A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.

= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.

7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)下列的標(biāo)志詞。

如：already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句等。一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，所以凡含有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子，都必須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

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