中學(xué)英語單詞記憶：構(gòu)詞法

英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。

一

轉(zhuǎn)化法

在英語中，一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。

1. 動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

Let me have a try.讓我試試。

They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。

2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

He shouldered his way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推開人群前進。

The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。

3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

We will try our best to better our living conditions.

我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

They tried to perfect the working conditions.

他們努力改善工作條件。

4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

他不辨是非。

The old in our village are living a happy life.

我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。

5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞

How long have you lived there?

你在那兒住多久了?

6. 個別詞在一定場合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。

Life is full of ups and downs.

人生有得意時也有失意時。

His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

二

合成法

由兩個或兩個以上的單詞連在一起合成一個新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。

1. 合成名詞

名詞/代詞+名詞 newspaper blood-test she-wolf

動詞+名詞 typewriter pickpocket daybreak

形容詞+名詞 greenhouse highway

副詞+名詞 overcoat outside

名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point

動詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

名詞+介詞+名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief

2. 合成形容詞

名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

副詞+形容詞 over-anxious evergreen

名詞+過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt

名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking

形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going

副詞+過去分詞 well-informed widespread

副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching

形容詞+名詞+ed warm-hearted absent-minded

數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-legged ten-storied

數(shù)詞+名詞 one-way five–star

數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long

名詞+to+名詞 face –to-face door - to -door

3. 合成動詞

名詞+動詞 baby-sit sleepwalk

副詞+動詞 outnumber underestimate overwork

形容詞+動詞 whitewash

4. 合成副詞

形容詞+名詞 meanwhile anyway

形容詞+副詞 everywhere anyhow

副詞+副詞 however

介詞+名詞 beforehand overhead

介詞+副詞 forever

5. 合成代詞

代詞賓格+self/selves herself themselves

物主代詞+self/selves myself yourselves

形容詞+名詞 anything nothing

6. 合成介詞

副詞+名詞 inside outside

介詞+副詞 without within

副詞+介詞 into

三

派生法

由一個詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。

1. 前綴

除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。

(1)表示否定意義的前綴

un- unhappy unfinished undress

dis- disagree disbelieve

in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

mis- misbehave mislead mistake

non- nonstop nonsmoker

(2)表示其他意義的前綴

en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage

inter- “相互”international intercontinental

re- “再，又，重”rethink retell recycle

tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的”telescope telephone telegraph

auto- “自動的”automatic automobile

co- “共同”coworker cooperate coexist

anti- “反對，抵抗”antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

multi- “多”multistory multicultural multicolor

bi- “雙，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

micro- “極小的，微小的”microwave microcomputer

over- “太多，過分”overwork overdo overestimate

self- “自己，本身”self-centered self-confident self-control

under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

2. 后綴

(1)形容詞后綴

-able “可……的，具有……的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

-al “與……有關(guān)的”physical, magical, political

-an “屬于某地方的人”American African

-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern

-ful/ less “(沒)有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

-ish “如……的;有……特征的”foolish childish selfish

-ive “有……傾向的”active attractive expensive

-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen

-ous “有(性質(zhì))的”famous, dangerous, poisonous

-ly “有……性質(zhì)的”friendly yearly daily

-y “構(gòu)成形容詞”noisy dusty cloudy

(2)名詞后綴

-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

-ese “某國(人)的”Chinese, Japanese

-ian “某國、某地人;精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician

-ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

-ess “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess

-ment “行為或其狀態(tài)”government, movement, achievement

-ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)”illness, sadness, carelessness

-tion “動作，過程，結(jié)果”invention, organization, translation

-ance/ ence “抽象;行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”importance, appearance, absence, existence

-th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth

-ful “(滿的)量”handful, spoonful, mouthful

-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”possibility, disability, reliability

-al “過程、狀態(tài)”survival, arrival, approval

-y “性質(zhì)、情況”modesty, delivery, honesty

-dom “處于……狀態(tài);性質(zhì)”freedom, boredom

-age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果”courage, storage, marriage

(3)動詞后綴

-fy / ify “使得;變得” simplify, beautify, purify

-en “使成為;變得” shorten, deepen, sadden

-ize “使成為” apologize, realize, specialize

(4)副詞后綴

-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily

-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards

(5)數(shù)詞后綴

-teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty

-th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth

初中英語作文佳句大全

人物介紹

角度一

介紹外貌特征

He has straight brown hair andhe doesn't wear glasses.

本句用 and 連接兩個簡單句，用簡潔的語句描述了人物的外貌特點

He used to be thin，but look how big and strong he is now!

本句使用 how 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句引出人物外貌的變化

My mother is of medium build withnice long hair.

本句使用 with 伴隨狀語描述人物外貌特征

My good friend Marry is a lovely girl whohas beautiful big eyes.

本句使用 who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句突出人物外貌特征

角度二

介紹性格特點

I'm shy so it'snot easy for me to make friends.

本句使用“It's +adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型表示“做某事對某人來說怎么樣”

Jenny is an outgoing girl whois always full of energy.

本句使用了 who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句

Our English teacher is so humorous thathe often makes us laugh when we are under stress.

本句使用了 so...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句

角度三

介紹興趣愛好

She is interested in science and technology and loves to imagine what the world will be like in 50 years.

本句使用“be interested in”替換了常用的“like”，使表達更加新穎、高級

I like watching the news becauseI hope to find out what's going on around the world.

本句使用 because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句引出喜歡看新聞的原因

My best friend Bob is crazy aboutplaying football.He is now a member of our school football team.

本使用“be crazy about”表達對事物的熱愛程度，第二個簡單句是第一句的具體表現(xiàn)和結(jié)果

角度四

介紹個人優(yōu)勢或特殊之處

My sister has the ability toplay the violin well.

本句中“have the ability to”為“be able to”的變式，使表達更豐富

Without doubt，he is a successful man，but I treathim asmy guiding star not because ofhis success in business， buthis love for people around the world.

本句使用短語“without doubt”“ treat...as...”“ because of”以及句型“not...but...”給句子增添了亮點

Li Hua is the most excellent student in our school since he not onlygets good grades， but alsois a helpful person.

本句使用“not only...but also...”句型，替換了普通的“and”并列句，使表達更加新穎高級

角度五

被他人喜愛或喜愛他人的原因

He always thinks carefully whenhe works and he plans everything well.

本句使用 when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，使句式更加多樣

My first teacher was Mrs Lane. She was strict but very nice.

本句使用“adj. +but+adj.”結(jié)構(gòu)，突出被描述者最顯著的品質(zhì)

Lucy is welcomed byothers asshe isalways ready tohelp others.

本句使用短語“be welcomed by”和“be ready to”以及 as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句

I like him becausehe is really cool and fun, and he is good atsoccer.

本句使用 because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句及“be good at”固定搭配，說明“我”喜歡他的具體原因

速記

俗語諺語

Friends are like books——you don't need a lot of them as long as they're good. 良友如書，貴在好而不在多。

A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart. 真正的朋友是一個可以給你幫助并感動你的人。

A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難見真情。

A true friend shares not only your joy and happiness but also your trouble and worry. 真正的朋友不僅能分享你的歡樂與幸福，而且也會分擔(dān)你的困難與憂愁。

If you have got a true friendship，you should treasure it forever!如果你獲得了一份真正的友誼，你應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)珍惜它!

Everyone has his price. 天生我材必有用。

事物介紹

角度一

良好的生活習(xí)慣

With the help of my family，I developed the habit of going to bed early and getting up early.

本句使用“with the help of”短語替換了常用的動詞“help”說明了習(xí)慣及其養(yǎng)成原因

It isvery i mportant for us to eat healthily. We should eat less food which is rich insugar and fat.

本句使用“It is +adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型，意為“對某人來說做某事是怎么樣的”;固定短語“be rich in”意為“富含......”。

Taking regular exercise， eatinga healthy diet and gettingenough sleep are all the things thatcan help you.

本句使用三個動名詞短語作并列主語：that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞在從句中作主語

角度二

某物的特征及喜歡的原因

I like the book Harry Potter best becauseit tells me thatwe should never give up whenwe face difficulties.

本句使用 because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句、that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和 when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句說明喜歡的具體原因

By collecting stamps，I learned a lot about our country.

本句使用介詞短語前置，巧變句首句式，強調(diào)通過集郵學(xué)習(xí)到很多

Thanks tothe study app Onion Math，my math has improved a lot.

本句使用“thanks to”點出這個學(xué)習(xí) app 對作者的數(shù)學(xué)幫助很大。

角度三

某地的基本信息

Henan Province lies in the middle of China with Zhengzhou as its capital city.

本使用短語“lie in”表示“坐落于”，使用“with”作伴隨狀語補充說明河南的省會城市是鄭州

People from home and abroad like to come to Henan to experience different kinds offood， such asbraised noodles，spicy soup and so on.

本句使用“ different kinds of”說明河南美食很多，用“such as”舉例說明美食都有哪些。

Henan covers an area of about 167,000 square kilometers and has a population about 96.4 million.

本句使用 and 連接的并列短語介紹河南的面積和人口

Luoyang has many famous places of interest， for example，Longmen Grottoes， whichattracts many tourists from all over the world.

本句使用“for example”舉例寫出洛陽的景點龍門石窟，用 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句寫出此景點吸引了世界各地的游客

How clear the water isin my hometown!You can see a lot of fish under the water clearly.

本句使用“How+adj+主語+謂語!”的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)，體現(xiàn)出家鄉(xiāng)水的清澈。

Whenit comes to autumn，the weather is pleasant withcool and dry air.

本使用 when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，主句使用形容詞短語“be pleasant with”表達出了秋天天氣宜人的特點。

Witha history of thousands of years，Zhengzhou is a beautiful city.

本句使用 with 個詞短語前置，說明鄭州有著悠久的歷史。

角度四

某地值得參觀的理由

But my favorite place is the library asit is very quiet and I enjoy reading there.

本句使用 as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句說明喜歡圖書館的原因

The International Museum of Toilets is a wonderful place whereyou can know the history and development of toilets.

本句使用 where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，說明在國際廁所博物館你可以了解到廁所的歷史和發(fā)展

The weather here is cool and cloudy，just right for walking.

本使用短語“right for”說明某地是適合做某事的去處。

This city is popular with tourists not onlyfor its pleasant weather but alsofor its places of interest.

本句使用連詞短語“not only... but also...”說明城市受歡迎的兩個原因

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