(一)when, while 和 as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的用法

一、when 的用法

如果只從現(xiàn)象來看，when 從句用的最多的是一般過去時(shí)，而主句的時(shí)態(tài)沒有限制,根據(jù)具體情況而定。

1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas.他小時(shí)候就常常試驗(yàn)一些新的設(shè)想。

2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走進(jìn)我房間時(shí)，我正在看書。

3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老師進(jìn)來的時(shí)候，你在寫信嗎?

4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 對(duì)不起，你打電話來的時(shí)候我出去了。

5. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.他正要走，這時(shí)有人敲門。

6. I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要說話的時(shí)候，我也想到了。

7. I had hardly[scarcely] closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.我剛一閉上眼，就有人在敲門了。

根據(jù)以上的例句，我們可以總結(jié)出一點(diǎn)：when 從句的A事件，相當(dāng)于另一個(gè)事件B發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。也就是說，when 從句的重點(diǎn)不在動(dòng)作本身發(fā)生的狀態(tài)，而只是把它作為一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，所以when 多數(shù)情況下用的是一般過去時(shí)，則不用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。因?yàn)槿绻�用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，它表示的就是一段時(shí)間而不是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)了。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，有的文章補(bǔ)充說：when 從句的動(dòng)詞大多是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。這種說法也可以參照。

實(shí)際上，when 從句也可以有其它的時(shí)態(tài)，但幾乎也不用進(jìn)行時(shí)，因?yàn)樗�也只是作為一個(gè)時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)。例如：

1. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 當(dāng)我趕到飛機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，客人們已經(jīng)離開了。

2. When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.當(dāng)他完成作業(yè)后，他休息了一會(huì)兒。

3. Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one already?你已經(jīng)找到如此好的工作，為何還想再找新的?

4. You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我讀完這本書后，你可以借閱。

5. When the manager comes here for a visit next week, I’ll talk with him about this.下周，經(jīng)理來這參觀時(shí)，我會(huì)和他談?wù)劥耸隆?/p>

二、while 的用法

相比于when 來說，while 從句的側(cè)重點(diǎn)就不一樣了。while 從句的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于描述動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生的狀態(tài)，它的意思是：當(dāng)while 事件正在發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一件事如何如何。所以，while 從句一般用的是正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。而另一件事的狀態(tài)沒有硬性的要求，根據(jù)具體情況而定。例如：

1. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.當(dāng)妻子正在看報(bào)紙的時(shí)候，我正在看電視。

2. While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.正當(dāng)吉姆修自行車時(shí)，林濤來看他。

3. While they were talking, the bell rang. 正在他們談話的時(shí)候，上課鈴響了。

4. You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業(yè)。

5. While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home.約翰坐在那里咬指甲時(shí)，我正在制定一個(gè)回家的計(jì)劃。

從時(shí)間的角度來看，while 表示的是一段時(shí)間，是一個(gè)過程。這是while 的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。因此，如果含有“一段時(shí)間”的含義的時(shí)候，就可以用while。

6. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。

這句話中，是說趁著鐵是熱的這段時(shí)間，趕緊打鐵。如果換成 when 意思就變了，相當(dāng)于說鐵只熱了一下，打一下，然后鐵就冷了。這顯然不符合文意。

再例：

—I'm going to the post office.

—While you're there, can you get me some stamps?

三、as 的用法

as 從句表示的也是一件事情正在發(fā)生，另一件事也正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中。但與 while 從句不同的是，as 從句用的一般不用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，而只是一般過去時(shí)。as 從句一般可以翻譯成“邊……邊……”。例如：

1. As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.當(dāng)我媽媽唱起那些老歌時(shí)，眼淚順著她的臉頰流了下來。

2. The students took notes as they listened. 學(xué)生們邊聽課邊做筆記。

3. As we talked >我們繼續(xù)往下談的時(shí)候，他越來越興奮。

4. The little girls sang as they went. 小姑娘們一邊走，一邊唱。

5. Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound.當(dāng)他抓住球的時(shí)候，有一種撕裂的聲音。

as 表達(dá)的事件，往往只是主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或條件時(shí)，as 只是一個(gè)次要的時(shí)間說明，不像while 從句有強(qiáng)調(diào) while 動(dòng)作本身的意思。因此，as 常常翻譯成“隨著……”之意。

例如：

1. As the time went >，the weather got worse. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，氣候更加糟糕。

2. The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.隨著高度的增加，大氣越來越稀薄。

3. As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer.隨著時(shí)間一年一年過去，中國變得越來越富強(qiáng)了。

少數(shù)情況下，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，as 從句也可以用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。這只能算是特例了。

1. The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying.傷心的媽媽坐在路邊，邊哭邊叫喊。

2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，雪開始下起來。

3. He came in as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡覺，他進(jìn)來了。

四、when, while, as 的互換

如果從句動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，并且從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，when，while，as 可以互換使用。

1. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger came in. 當(dāng)我們跳舞時(shí)，一位陌生人走了進(jìn)來。[dance 為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞]

2. When /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.當(dāng)她在打電話時(shí)，我正在寫信。[make為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞]

3. While/When/ As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of thebank.我順著馬路往前走時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)銀行門前停著一輛警車。

五、比較while, when, as

1)as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。

例如：Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.我剎車后，有一個(gè)人向我走來。

2)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as 或 while。

例如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.干完活后，你可以休息一下。

3)從句表示“隨時(shí)間推移”連詞能用as，不用when 或while。例如：As the day went >　日子一天天過去，天氣越變?cè)綁摹?/p>

(二)before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

Before是主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的前面。注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語，并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時(shí)譯成“就，才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí);如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時(shí)，則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí)，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。

After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。例如：

It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來。

Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我。

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個(gè)月就離婚了。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細(xì)考慮過以后，告訴我你是怎樣決定的。

After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我們回家了。(從句用過去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過去時(shí))

(三)比較until和till 的用法

此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某時(shí)”，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是“直至某時(shí)才做某事”。動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定式還是否定式。

肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。

Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。(在肯定句中可用before代替。

例如

：Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)

否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6點(diǎn)才到。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才會(huì)做。

區(qū)別：1)until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。

2)until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。

例如：

---Until when are you staying?

你呆到什么時(shí)候?

--- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。

注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。

3)Not until…在句首，主句用倒裝。

例如：

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世紀(jì)初，人類才知道熱為何物。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才認(rèn)識(shí)到我已蹉跎了許多歲月。

4)It is not until… that….

例如：It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.

(四)巧辨before和until

在日常英語教學(xué)中，我們遇到學(xué)生問這樣的一些問題：

1.He will spend six hours at his desk____he finishes his composition.

A.before　　B.until　　C.after　　D.when

2.The bike hit the tree____I could get off.

A.when　　　B.before　　 C.while　　D.until

3.I knocked at the door for more than five minutes____Mrs white answered it.

A.until　　B.when　　 C.after　　D.before

4.It was____yesterday____be____the secret.

A.not until;that;knew　　　B.until;when;knew

C.not before;that;found　　D.before;that;didn't find

怎樣才能清楚地解釋其選擇的原因，這就涉及到until與before的區(qū)別問題。

實(shí)際上，只要我們把握住兩者使用時(shí)本身的含義及主句動(dòng)詞是終止性的，還是延續(xù)性的，肯定式，還是否定式兩大點(diǎn)，就能容易地解決這類問題�，F(xiàn)詳細(xì)闡明如下：

一、在下列情況下，兩者可互換用，但含義略有不同

before表示“在……之前”的意思，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后關(guān)系;而until表示“直到……才”的意思，主句是肯定句則表示主句動(dòng)作的終止時(shí)間;主句是否定句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的起始時(shí)間。

1.主句為否定式終止性謂語動(dòng)詞。常見的動(dòng)詞是open,start,leave,arrive,finish, stop等。例如：

(1)The noise of the street didn't stop until/before it was midnight.

(2)The children won't come back until/before it is dark.

(3)I didn't leave the lovely boy until/before his mother came home.

2.主句為肯定式、延續(xù)性謂語詞，這類動(dòng)詞用stand,stay,talk,be,wait等。例如：

(1)He lived with his parents until/before he graduated from school.

(2)I will wait until/before he comes to my help.

(3)I shall stay heer until/before you come back.

二、在下列情況下，用before不用until

1.主句這肯定式、終止性謂語動(dòng)詞，只用before。例：

(1)He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.

(2)We arrived there before it atarted to rain.

(3)The holiday came to the end befor I knew it.

(4)He almost knocked me down before he saw me.

2.主句謂語動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的遲緩性，只用before，常伴有時(shí)間段狀語或時(shí)間段暗示。例：

(1)It was quite some time before he found the elephant at all.

(2)We had walked a long way before we found some water.

(3)We had sailed for two days before we saw the land.

(4)The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could

countrol it.

(5)It was midnight before my brother came home.

(6)It was three months before they met again.

3.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)從句謂語動(dòng)作未發(fā)生，就發(fā)生主句謂語動(dòng)作，只用before。常譯為“未及”，“不”或“不等……就”。例：

(1)We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.

(2)I must write it down before I forget it.

(3)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.

4.表“與其說……倒不如”，“與其……毋寧……”只用before。例：

(1)I would give up my job before I'd agree to be dismissed.

(2)He will die of hunger before he will steal.

5.在某些特定句型中用before。例如：

(1)It was not long before the whole country rose up.

(2)It will probably not be long before they understand each other.

三、下列情況一般區(qū)別用until

1.主句是持續(xù)性謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，肯定、否定都可以，但意義完全不同�？隙ū韯�(dòng)作終止，而否定表動(dòng)作開始。例如：

(1)We discussed the problem until/before he came back.我們一直討論到他回 來。

(2)We didn't discuss the problem until he came back.我們一直等到他回來后才討論問題。

2.not…until句型盡管在某些情況下可與before互換用，但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中一般仍用until。

例如：

(1)It was not until he told me that I knew it.

(2)It was not until he finished his homework that he went home.

綜上所述，前面的4條選擇題中，第1、3題強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的遲緩性應(yīng)選before。第2題表動(dòng)作未及發(fā)生就發(fā)生主句動(dòng)作也應(yīng)選before。第4題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。

(五)其他時(shí)間狀語從句的用法

1.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在It is +時(shí)間+since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開以來，我一直在北京了。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見面以后，你到哪里去了?

It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。

It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了。

知識(shí)擴(kuò)展

1. It is since從。。。以來多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了(因?yàn)閟ince +從句或名詞，表示一段時(shí)間)

It is five years since we met last time.從我們上次見面已經(jīng)五年了。

2. It is +before…(。。。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.過了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我才睡著。It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.過了一個(gè)小時(shí)，警察才來。

3.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。

例如：I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯，我立即到那里去。

The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息，馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn)。

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就給你來電話。

4.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí);如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用將來完成時(shí)。

例如：By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。

By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來這兒的時(shí)候，我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了。

注意：when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在時(shí)間狀語從句中，要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致。一般情況下主句是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

六、練習(xí)：在下列各句的空格中填入適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞

1._____ he comes tomorrow, I shall ask where he has been.

2._____ he was speaking, everybody listened carefully.

3.I saw her just _____she was getting off the train.

4.Have a good look at that man _____you pass him.

5.It was already eight o'clock _____we got there.

6. I was about to go out _____ a visitor came.

7.We'll go to the country at the beginning of June, ____ the summer harvest will start.

8. He learned to speak German _____ he was in Berlin.

9. Henry is in charge of the office _____ Mr. Smith is away.

10. I listen to the recorder ______ I have time.

11. He had learned Chinese ______he came to China.

12. _____ the work was done, we sat down to sum up experience.

13. I haven't seen him _____he moved to the other side of the town.

14. I waited _____ he came back.

15. It was not _____ he took off his eyeglasses that I recognized him.

16. She likes everything to be in place _____ she starts to work.

17. The thieves ran away ______they caught sight of the police.

18. They decided to go back home ______ their money ran out.

19. We played outside till sunset, ______it began to rain。

20. _______ I get to the airport, I will phone you to pick me up.

21. They were about to leave _____ it began to rain.

22. He always stay in bed _____ lunch time.

23. I like playing tennis _______my younger sister prefers watching ball games.

24. ______ I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.

25. ______ she grew older, she became more responsible.

二、從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。

1. It was quiet _____those big trucks started coming through the town.

A. before B. after C. until D. unless

2. It seemed only seconds _____ the boy finished washing his face.

A. when B. before C. after D. even if

3. Hardly had he reached the school gate _____ the bell rang.

A. while B. when C. as D. as soon as

4. ______you begin, I think you must continue.

A. When B. Whenever C. Once D. Even if

5. I remembered you ______ I saw you at the airport.

A. the moment B. while C. after D. once

6. He was about to go to bed ______ the doorbell rang.

A. while B. as C. before D. when

7.______I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

A. Every time B. When C. While D. Until

8. _____ John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

A. As B. As soon as C. While D. Till

9. The children ran away from the orchard(果園) ______ they saw the guard.

A. the moment B. after C. before D. as

Key:

1. When 　2. While / When 　3. as 　4. when/as　5. when

6. when 7. when 8. while　9. while　10. whenever　11. before

12. After 13. since 　14. till/until　15. until 　16. before

17. as soon as 　18. before 19. when　20. As soon as　21.when

22. until 　23. while　24. While 25. As

二、1. C 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.A 8.C 9.A

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