there be存在句式的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

英語中的there be結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示某處存在有某物，所以通常被稱為存在句。其中的there為引導(dǎo)詞，無詞義，be為謂語動(dòng)詞，there be后面的名詞為句子主語。

there存在句式的用法

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致問題

在there be句型中，若句子只有一個(gè)主語，謂語的數(shù)則取決于該主語的數(shù);若有幾個(gè)主語并列，則通常是與靠近的主語保持一致。如：

There is no cause for anxiety.不必焦慮。

There is some dirt on your coat.你的外套上有灰塵。

There are twenty children present.在座的有20個(gè)孩子。

There is a teacher and some students over there.那邊有一位老師和一些學(xué)生。

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)問題

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)由其中的謂語動(dòng)詞be來體現(xiàn)，它可以有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以及過去完成時(shí)等多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。如：

There will be a rise in unemployment next year.明年失業(yè)人數(shù)將會(huì)增加。

There have been a series of car accidents at the crossing.在這個(gè)交叉路口已發(fā)生了一連串的車禍。

There had been two sea fights between them.他們之間發(fā)生了兩場海戰(zhàn)。

there be結(jié)構(gòu)與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用

there be結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。如：

There may be an opportunity for you to see the premier.你可能有機(jī)會(huì)見到總理。

There must be something wrong with my left arm, which is asleep.我的左臂發(fā)麻，一定出什么問題了。

There used to be a lot of troubles in that region.那個(gè)地區(qū)過去動(dòng)亂不斷。

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式有兩種基本結(jié)構(gòu)，即there being和there to be。一般說來，there being結(jié)構(gòu)主要用作狀語或介詞賓語;There to be結(jié)構(gòu)主要用作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：

There being no further business, I declared the meeting closed.沒有更進(jìn)一步的情況(討論)，我就宣布閉會(huì)。

There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute.現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)希望可以解決這次爭端。

We expect there to be more discussion about this.我們期望能對(duì)此展開更多的討論。

注：用作介詞賓語一般用there being，但用作介詞for的賓語時(shí)，只能用there to be。比較：

They planned on there being another meeting.他們打算再開一次會(huì)議。

They planned for there to be another meeting.他們打算再開一次會(huì)議。

There be句式的特殊用法

1. There be存在句：——最原始最典型的倒裝

談到倒裝句，人們都不陌生，認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)很重要的句式。其實(shí)，在一個(gè)人剛剛開始學(xué)英語的時(shí)候，就已經(jīng)學(xué)到了真正意義上的倒裝句：There be句型。

There is a book on the desk.去掉引導(dǎo)詞There，原來的倒裝句則變成：A book is on the desk.

What is there on the desk?實(shí)際等于說：What is on the desk?

There be是倒裝句，表存在，不必細(xì)說。

2. There +不及物動(dòng)詞+主語：——最常見的倒裝

There lived an man in the forest long ago.很久以前，森林中住著一位老人。

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山頂上有一座廟。

There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.鈴聲響了，我們上課吧。

最后一句There goes the bell. There除了引起句子結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝外，還提醒聽者注意。

3.“There + be +過去分詞+主語”和“There + be +過去分詞+主語”——最特殊的倒裝

▲“There + be +過去分詞+主語”，其實(shí)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)的變式，去掉引導(dǎo)詞There，還原本來面目�，F(xiàn)在，我直接使用網(wǎng)友的句子為例：

There are now published millions of books very year in 　　China　　.

等于：Millions of books are now published very year in China.

On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.

等于：On the following day, a splendid banquet was held.

There was shownat the exhibition an electronic computer made in 　　Shanghai　　.

等于：An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shownat the exhibition.

▲“There + be +現(xiàn)在分詞+主語”，其實(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的變式，去掉引導(dǎo)詞There，還原本來面目�，F(xiàn)在，我直接使用網(wǎng)友的句子為例：

There were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.

等于：A group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.

【我的觀點(diǎn)】任何事物的出現(xiàn)都是有原因的，語言現(xiàn)象亦然。我認(rèn)為，there的上述用法，體現(xiàn)了語言的3個(gè)方面。概括起來，不外乎以下幾個(gè)原因：

語用方面：There置于句首，具有提示、提醒作用。如：There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.

2.修辭方面：There置于句首，旨在使句子勻稱。如：There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai.

若說：An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition.會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕。

3.語法方面：There置于句首，改變句子的正常結(jié)構(gòu)。去掉引導(dǎo)詞There之后，變成正常語序，以上三種情況的例句，分別為：

(1)There is a book on the desk.→A book is on the desk.

(2)There lived an old man in the forest long ago.→An old man lived in the forest long ago.

(3)There are now published millions of books very year in 　　China　　.→Millions of books are now published very year in China.

【說明】There置于句首，如果沒有實(shí)際詞匯意義，往往引起句子結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝。如果有實(shí)際詞匯意義(“在那里”)，則不然。試比較：

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. (There沒有實(shí)際意義)

There I saw my old friend Tom. (There表示“在那里”)

“there be+名詞+動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用法歸納

1.there be+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞。

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行：

There is someone waiting for him.有人在等他。

There was a man standing in front of me.我前面站著一個(gè)男人。

There were some children swimming in the river.有些小孩在河里游泳。

There were a group of young people working in the fields.有一群青年在地里勞動(dòng)。

有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞可表示一種狀態(tài)：

There’s a piano standing against the wall.靠墻有一架鋼琴。

There’re a lot of difficulties facing us.我們面前有很多困難。

There is a door leading to the garden.有一座門通往花園。

有個(gè)別現(xiàn)在分詞用于該結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)可以表示將來(正如它們可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來一樣)：

There are ten people coming to dinner.有10個(gè)人來吃晚飯。

2.there be+賓語+過去分詞。

過去分詞表示一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生：

There is nothing written on it.上面沒寫東西。

There were ten people killed in the accident.事故中有10人喪生。

有時(shí)過去分詞也可表示一種狀態(tài)(可轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))：

There were some old men seated (=who were seated) in the back.有些老人坐在后面。

There is a red car parked (=which is parked) outside the house.房子外邊停著一輛紅色汽車。

3.there be+賓語+不定式。

不定式通常表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生：

There was nobody to look after the child.沒有人照顧這孩子。

There was a large crowd to send him off.有一大群人要來給他送行。

There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks.可能會(huì)有很大的損失，因此我們不能冒險(xiǎn)。

【注】當(dāng)其中的賓語與其后的不定式為被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，也可用被動(dòng)式：

There is much work to do [to be done].有許多工作要做。

有時(shí)其中的不定式為系表結(jié)構(gòu)：

There is nothing to be afraid of.沒什么可怕的。

What was there to be afraid of.有什么可怕的?

There’s nothing to be ashamed of.沒有什么值得羞愧的。

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