主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

■含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，但變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)的情況較多。

主動(dòng)：Tom gave me a present on my birthday. 我生日那天湯姆送我一件禮物。

被動(dòng)：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.

A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。

1. 在下列動(dòng)詞后，通常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。

2. 在下列動(dòng)詞后，一般在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。

主動(dòng)：Mother made me a new skirt. 母親給我做了件襯衣。

被動(dòng)：A new skirt was made for me.

3. 由于某些動(dòng)詞與介詞有習(xí)慣搭配，既不用to也不用for, 而用別的介詞。如:

People all over the world know the Great Wall. 世界上的人都知道長(zhǎng)城。

The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語(yǔ))

4. 有時(shí)用間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)講不通或不習(xí)慣，必須用直接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。如：

Tom wrote me a letter.

誤：I was written a letter by Tom.

正：A letter was written to me by Tom.

類(lèi)似的動(dòng)詞還有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。

■含復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ))的主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：

We always keep the classroom clean. 我們總是保持教室清潔。

The classroom is always kept clean. 教室總是保持清潔的。

They asked me to help them. 他們叫我?guī)椭�他們�?/p>

I was asked to help them. 我被他們叫去幫忙了。

We saw them playing football. 我們看到他們?cè)谔咦闱颉?/p>

They were seen playing football. 他們被人看見(jiàn)在踢足球。

注意：

1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后要加上to。

We often hear her sing. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到她唱歌。

She is often heard to sing. 經(jīng)常有人聽(tīng)到她唱歌。

2. 如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，不要誤把賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如：

We called him an ass. 我們叫他傻瓜。

誤：As ass was called him.

正：He was called an ass.

■短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1. “動(dòng)詞 介詞/副詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把它們作為整體看待，介詞或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。如：

The patient is being operated on. 病人正在動(dòng)手術(shù)。

His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒絕。

注：這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的還有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物動(dòng)詞 副詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查詢) 等。

2. “動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，變成變動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把它們作為一個(gè)整體看待。如：

The poor were looked down upon then. 那時(shí)窮人被人瞧不起。

He was looked up to by everyone他被人們所敬仰。

注：這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。

3. “動(dòng)詞 名詞 介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，既可將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)作為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，也可將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的名詞作為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。如：

You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 你必須注意你的發(fā)音。

Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.

Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.

注：這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的還有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。

■當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody，作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

Nobody can lift this stone. 誰(shuí)也拿不起這塊石頭。

誤：The stone can be lifted by nobody.

正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.

■當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

They haven’t done anything to make the river clean.

誤：Anything hasn’t been done to make the river clean.

正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

■以who為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首：

Who wrote this novel? 這部小說(shuō)是誰(shuí)寫(xiě)的?

誤：Who was this novel written by?

正：By whom was this novel written?

■主動(dòng)句中完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)句變?yōu)橥瓿蓵r(shí)態(tài)。如：

He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 這本詞典他用了十年了。

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