動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去　但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have (has) +過去分詞。

比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1)過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2)過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：

yesterday,last week，…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具體的時(shí)間狀語

共同的時(shí)間狀語：

this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語

for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,　till / until,up to now,in past years,always,

不確定的時(shí)間狀語

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.

過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

舉例：

I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了這部電影

(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。)

I have seen this film：我已經(jīng)看過這部電影

(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)

Why did you get up so early

(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。)

Who hasn't handed in his paper

(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。)

She has returned from Paris：她已從巴黎回來了。

She returned yesterday：她是昨天回來了。

He has been in the League for three years：他在團(tuán)中已經(jīng)三年

(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))

He has been a League member for three years：他連續(xù)三年被一個(gè)團(tuán)內(nèi)的成員

(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))

He joined the League three years ago：他三年前入團(tuán)

( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。

(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1)It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

這是我看過的最好的電影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

典型例題

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

---No,this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was　B. have been　C. came　D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before

---No,it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even,come　B. even,have come　C. ever,come　D. ever,have come

答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。

注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.

(對(duì))I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

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