1)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.常與already, just, ever, never, before等詞連用. 如:

　　She has never read this novel.

　　2)表示 "過(guò)去的動(dòng)作"一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去. 常與for (后跟段時(shí)間)或since (后跟點(diǎn)時(shí)間)等連用.如:

　　I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.

　　I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.

　　注：在有for 和since 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子中不能用短暫性動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)用與之相應(yīng)的表示狀態(tài)的詞。如：

　　He has died for 3 years.(F)

　　He has been dead for 3 years.(T)

　　注：①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用。如：in 1998, last morning等

　　②have/has been to 表示"去過(guò)"（去了又回來(lái)了）

　　have/has gone to 表示"去過(guò)"（去了沒(méi)回來(lái)了）

　　如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)

　　Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
 

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